A capsule
is gel like compound that surrounds the exterior of some bacterial
cells; the gel compound is produced inside the bacterial cell and is
excreted outside it and it attached firmly to the cell exterior; in some
bacteria this material is not organized and is more loosely attached;
in this case it is called a slime layer; a capsule can help
bacterium to survive from harmful environmental changes and provide
effective protection against attack by the host defense system; in
addition of the sticky capsule helps the bacterium to adhere to the cell
surfaces inside the host tissues.
Flagella
are work like tales that specialized extensions of bacterial cell
walls; a bacterium may have one, several or numerous flagella; Flagella
can be located anywhere on the bacterium and give bacterial motility -
the ability to move on her own- motility allows the bacterium to move
into more favorable environment; the response of senses located in the
cell wall by specific stimuli produces taxis - movement toward or away
from the stimulants - the majors responses of motile bacteria are chemotaxis (the response to chemicals stimuli) and phototaxis the (response to the light);
these responses control the speed and direction of the flagellum
rotation to create different movement paths; the cells can move ahead in
constant rate or they can tumble, turn and continue on another path.
The cell walls of some bacteria have hale-like appendages called Fimbria and Pili
these appendages are shorter and thinner than flagella and more like
bristles and function in cellular attachment rather than cell movement;
fimbria present in multiple numbers and found either in each end of the
cell or distributed eventually along the entire cells surface; fimbria
helps the bacterium to adhere to tissues surfaces within the host.
Pili are longer than fimbria and they are present either singly or in pairs on a single bacterium;
Their propose is to enable one bacterium to adhere to another during a specialized process called conjugation in which DNA is transferred between the cells.
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